2D materials represent a cutting-edge class of systems that exhibit unique quantum mechanical properties due to their ultrathin structure, typically consisting of a single layer or a few layers of atoms. Examples include graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), and topological insulators. These materials are characterized by their exceptional electronic, optical, and mechanical properties, which differ significantly from their bulk counterparts. Graphene, for instance, features exceptional electron mobility and mechanical strength, making it promising for applications in flexible electronics, transparent conductive films, and high-speed transistors. TMDs, on the other hand, exhibit tunable bandgaps and strong light-matter interactions, enabling applications in optoelectronics, photodetectors, and quantum devices. This session will focus on the recent advances in the study and characterization of 2D materials and heterostructures, exploiting a variety of experimental and computational techniques to assess the fascinating mechanisms at work in this wide class of compounds.